↓ Figure 1. A conceptual model of human-AI
integration in clinical medicine. This diagram presents a conceptual framework for understanding the
complementary roles of AI and human expertise in clinical medicine. AI contributes speed, computational
power, precision, and scalability, while human clinicians offer empathy, contextual insight, intuitive
reasoning, and ethical judgment. Surrounding this core are eight key domains that reflect the
multifaceted integration of AI into clinical workflows, including diagnosis, treatment, patient care,
equity, ethics, collaboration, data integration, and global health. This model emphasizes that
meaningful innovation in medicine emerges from collaboration, not replacement, between humans and
machines. Some elements in this figure, including specific icons and biological illustrations, were
created using BioRender (BioRender.com). AI: artificial intelligence.
